Photobiomodulation applied to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd): a review

Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a chronic inflammatory response in airways and lung parenchyma that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cigarette smoking considered as an important risk factor plays a role in pathogenesis of disease. Pneumocystis jirovecii is an atypical opportunistic fungus that causes pneumonia in immunosuppressed host, al...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)].

s were reviewed by a single reviewer and, for those studies meeting the eligibility criteria, fulltext articles were obtained. Articles with an unknown eligibility were reviewed with a second clinical epidemiologist and then a group of epidemiologists until consensus was established. Data extraction was carried out by the author. Inclusion Criteria  studies comparing clinical efficacy of the i...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by progressive decline in lung function accompanied by airway narrowing due to inflammation, fibrosis and mucus plugging, associated by parenchymal destruction with loss of elasticity, gas exchange surface area, and airway support with subsequent early airway closure [1]. COPD affects more than 400 million peo...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Dr. Dildar Ahmad graduated from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin in 1962. He did post-graduate training in Respirology at the Institute of Chest Disease, London, England from 1964 to 1965 . He was granted his fellowship in Respirology in 1974. He joined the faculty at the University of Western Ontario in 1987 and currently holds the rank of Emeritus Professor of Medicine in the ...